First version of Scrapling full documentation
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# Introduction
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The `Fetcher` class provides fast and lightweight HTTP requests with some stealth capabilities. This class uses [httpx](https://www.python-httpx.org/) as an engine for making requests. For advanced usages, you will need some knowledge about [httpx](https://www.python-httpx.org/), but it becomes simpler and simpler with user feedback and updates.
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## Basic Usage
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You have one primary way to import this Fetcher, which is the same for all fetchers.
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```python
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>>> from scrapling.fetchers import Fetcher
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```
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Check out how to configure the parsing options [here](choosing.md#parser-configuration-in-all-fetchers)
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### Shared arguments
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All methods for making requests here share some arguments, so let's discuss them first.
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- **url**: The URL you want to request, of course :)
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- **proxy**: As the name implies, the proxy for this request is used to route all traffic (HTTP and HTTPS). The format accepted here is `http://username:password@localhost:8030`.
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- **stealthy_headers**: Generate and use real browser's headers, then create a referer header as if this request came from a Google search page of this URL's domain. Enabled by default, all headers generated can be overwritten by you through the `headers` argument.
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- **follow_redirects**: As the name implies, tell the fetcher to follow redirections. Enabled by default
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- **timeout**: The timeout to wait for each request to be finished in milliseconds. The default is 30000ms (30 seconds).
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- **retries**: The number of retries that [httpx](https://www.python-httpx.org/) will do for failed requests. The default number of retries is 3.
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Other than this, you can pass any arguments that `httpx.<method_name>` takes, and that's why I said, in the beginning, you need a bit of knowledge about [httpx](https://www.python-httpx.org/), but in the following examples, we will try to cover most cases.
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### HTTP Methods
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Examples are the best way to explain this
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> Hence: `OPTIONS` and `HEAD` methods are not supported.
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#### GET
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```python
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>>> from scrapling.fetchers import Fetcher
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>>> # Basic GET
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>>> page = Fetcher.get('https://example.com')
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>>> page = Fetcher.get('https://httpbin.org/get', stealthy_headers=True, follow_redirects=True)
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>>> page = Fetcher.get('https://httpbin.org/get', proxy='http://username:password@localhost:8030')
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>>> # With parameters
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>>> page = Fetcher.get('https://example.com/search', params={'q': 'query'})
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>>>
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>>> # With headers
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>>> page = Fetcher.get('https://example.com', headers={'User-Agent': 'Custom/1.0'})
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>>> # Basic HTTP authentication
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>>> page = Fetcher.get("https://example.com", auth=("my_user", "password123"))
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```
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And for asynchronous requests, it's a small adjustment
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```python
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>>> from scrapling.fetchers import AsyncFetcher
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>>> # Basic GET
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.get('https://example.com')
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.get('https://httpbin.org/get', stealthy_headers=True, follow_redirects=True)
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.get('https://httpbin.org/get', proxy='http://username:password@localhost:8030')
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>>> # With parameters
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.get('https://example.com/search', params={'q': 'query'})
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>>>
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>>> # With headers
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.get('https://example.com', headers={'User-Agent': 'Custom/1.0'})
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>>> # Basic HTTP authentication
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.get("https://example.com", auth=("my_user", "password123"))
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```
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Needless to say, the `page` object in all cases is [Response](choosing.md#response-object) object, which is an `Adaptor` as we said, so you will use it directly
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```python
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>>> page.css('.something.something')
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>>> page = Fetcher.get('https://api.github.com/events')
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>>> page.json()
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[{'id': '<redacted>',
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'type': 'PushEvent',
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'actor': {'id': '<redacted>',
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'login': '<redacted>',
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'display_login': '<redacted>',
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'gravatar_id': '',
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'url': 'https://api.github.com/users/<redacted>',
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'avatar_url': 'https://avatars.githubusercontent.com/u/<redacted>'},
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'repo': {'id': '<redacted>',
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...
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```
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#### POST
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```python
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>>> from scrapling.fetchers import Fetcher
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>>> # Basic POST
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>>> page = Fetcher.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data={'key': 'value'})
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>>> page = Fetcher.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data={'key': 'value'}, stealthy_headers=True, follow_redirects=True)
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>>> page = Fetcher.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data={'key': 'value'}, proxy='http://username:password@localhost:8030')
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>>> # Another example of form-encoded data
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>>> page = Fetcher.post('https://example.com/submit', data={'username': 'user', 'password': 'pass'})
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>>> # JSON data
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>>> page = Fetcher.post('https://example.com/api', json={'key': 'value'})
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>>> # Uploading file
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>>> r = Fetcher.post("https://httpbin.org/post", files={'upload-file': open('something.xlsx', 'rb')})
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```
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And for asynchronous requests, it's a small adjustment
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```python
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>>> from scrapling.fetchers import AsyncFetcher
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>>> # Basic POST
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data={'key': 'value'})
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data={'key': 'value'}, stealthy_headers=True, follow_redirects=True)
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.post('https://httpbin.org/post', data={'key': 'value'}, proxy='http://username:password@localhost:8030')
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>>> # Another example of form-encoded data
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.post('https://example.com/submit', data={'username': 'user', 'password': 'pass'})
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>>> # JSON data
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.post('https://example.com/api', json={'key': 'value'})
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>>> # Uploading file
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>>> r = await AsyncFetcher.post("https://httpbin.org/post", files={'upload-file': open('something.xlsx', 'rb')})
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```
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#### PUT
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```python
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>>> from scrapling.fetchers import Fetcher
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>>> # Basic PUT
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>>> page = Fetcher.put('https://example.com/update', data={'status': 'updated'})
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>>> page = Fetcher.put('https://example.com/update', data={'status': 'updated'}, stealthy_headers=True, follow_redirects=True)
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>>> page = Fetcher.put('https://example.com/update', data={'status': 'updated'}, proxy='http://username:password@localhost:8030')
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>>> # Another example of form-encoded data
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>>> page = Fetcher.put("https://httpbin.org/put", data={'key': ['value1', 'value2']})
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```
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And for asynchronous requests, it's a small adjustment
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```python
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>>> from scrapling.fetchers import AsyncFetcher
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>>> # Basic PUT
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.put('https://example.com/update', data={'status': 'updated'})
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.put('https://example.com/update', data={'status': 'updated'}, stealthy_headers=True, follow_redirects=True)
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.put('https://example.com/update', data={'status': 'updated'}, proxy='http://username:password@localhost:8030')
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>>> # Another example of form-encoded data
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.put("https://httpbin.org/put", data={'key': ['value1', 'value2']})
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```
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#### DELETE
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```python
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>>> from scrapling.fetchers import Fetcher
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>>> page = Fetcher.delete('https://example.com/resource/123')
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>>> page = Fetcher.delete('https://example.com/resource/123', stealthy_headers=True, follow_redirects=True)
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>>> page = Fetcher.delete('https://example.com/resource/123', proxy='http://username:password@localhost:8030')
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```
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And for asynchronous requests, it's a small adjustment
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```python
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>>> from scrapling.fetchers import AsyncFetcher
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.delete('https://example.com/resource/123')
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.delete('https://example.com/resource/123', stealthy_headers=True, follow_redirects=True)
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>>> page = await AsyncFetcher.delete('https://example.com/resource/123', proxy='http://username:password@localhost:8030')
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```
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## Examples
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Some well-rounded examples to aid newcomers to Web Scraping
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### Basic HTTP Request
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```python
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from scrapling.fetchers import Fetcher
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# Make a request
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page = Fetcher.get('https://example.com')
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# Check the status
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if page.status == 200:
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# Extract title
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title = page.css_first('title::text')
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print(f"Page title: {title}")
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# Extract all links
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links = page.css('a::attr(href)')
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print(f"Found {len(links)} links")
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```
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### Product Scraping
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```python
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from scrapling.fetchers import Fetcher
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def scrape_products():
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page = Fetcher.get('https://example.com/products')
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# Find all product elements
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products = page.css('.product')
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results = []
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for product in products:
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results.append({
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'title': product.css_first('.title::text'),
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'price': product.css_first('.price::text').re_first(r'\d+\.\d{2}'),
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'description': product.css_first('.description::text'),
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'in_stock': product.has_class('in-stock')
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})
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return results
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```
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### Pagination Handling
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```python
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from scrapling.fetchers import Fetcher
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def scrape_all_pages():
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base_url = 'https://example.com/products?page={}'
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page_num = 1
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all_products = []
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while True:
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# Get current page
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page = Fetcher.get(base_url.format(page_num))
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# Find products
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products = page.css('.product')
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if not products:
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break
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# Process products
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for product in products:
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all_products.append({
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'name': product.css_first('.name::text'),
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'price': product.css_first('.price::text')
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})
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# Next page
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page_num += 1
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return all_products
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```
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### Form Submission
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```python
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from scrapling.fetchers import Fetcher
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# Submit login form
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response = Fetcher.post(
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'https://example.com/login',
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data={
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'username': 'user@example.com',
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'password': 'password123'
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}
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)
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# Check login success
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if response.status == 200:
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# Extract user info
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user_name = response.css_first('.user-name::text')
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print(f"Logged in as: {user_name}")
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```
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### Table Extraction
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```python
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from scrapling.fetchers import Fetcher
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def extract_table():
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page = Fetcher.get('https://example.com/data')
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# Find table
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table = page.css_first('table')
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# Extract headers
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headers = [
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th.text for th in table.css('thead th')
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]
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# Extract rows
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rows = []
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for row in table.css('tbody tr'):
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cells = [td.text for td in row.css('td')]
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rows.append(dict(zip(headers, cells)))
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return rows
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```
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### Navigation Menu
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```python
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from scrapling.fetchers import Fetcher
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def extract_menu():
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page = Fetcher.get('https://example.com')
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# Find navigation
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nav = page.css_first('nav')
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menu = {}
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for item in nav.css('li'):
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link = item.css_first('a')
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if link:
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menu[link.text] = {
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'url': link.attrib['href'],
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'has_submenu': bool(item.css('.submenu'))
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}
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return menu
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```
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## When to Use
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Use `Fetcher` when:
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- Need fast HTTP requests
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- Want minimal overhead
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- Don't need JavaScript
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- Want simple configuration
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- Need basic stealth features
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Use other fetchers when:
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- Need browser automation.
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- Need advanced anti-bot/stealth.
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- Need JavaScript support.
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