feat(backend): Phase 0 项目骨架完成 — 后端/前端/数据库/Docker

- 后端：FastAPI + SQLAlchemy + Alembic，7 张核心表迁移成功
- 前端：Next.js 16 + TailwindCSS 4 + 三端布局（投资人/创始人/Admin）
- 数据库：PostgreSQL 16，7 张核心实体表（tenants/users/companies/monthly_reports/health_scores/risk_events/audit_logs）
- Docker：docker-compose.yml + 前后端 Dockerfile
- 测试：健康检查 4 个测试全部 GREEN
- 文档：README/run.md/AGENTS.md/docs 体系完整

backend/app/core/__init__.py

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+"""应用配置模块。"""

backend/app/core/config.py

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+"""应用配置。
+
+从环境变量读取配置，支持 .env 文件。
+"""
+
+from pydantic_settings import BaseSettings
+
+
+class Settings(BaseSettings):
+    """应用配置，从环境变量读取。"""
+
+    # 应用
+    app_env: str = "development"
+    app_debug: bool = True
+    app_log_level: str = "info"
+
+    # 数据库
+    database_url: str = "postgresql+asyncpg://postgres:postgres@localhost:5432/aiportpilot"
+
+    # Redis
+    redis_url: str = "redis://localhost:6379/0"
+
+    # JWT
+    jwt_secret_key: str = "change-me-in-production"
+    jwt_algorithm: str = "HS256"
+    jwt_access_token_ttl_minutes: int = 120
+    jwt_refresh_token_ttl_days: int = 7
+
+    # AI / Ollama
+    ollama_base_url: str = "http://localhost:11434"
+    ollama_model: str = "qwen2.5:7b"
+
+    model_config = {"env_file": ".env", "env_file_encoding": "utf-8"}
+
+
+settings = Settings()

backend/app/core/database.py

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+"""数据库连接管理。
+
+提供 SQLAlchemy 异步 engine 和 session 工厂。
+"""
+
+from collections.abc import AsyncGenerator
+
+from sqlalchemy.ext.asyncio import AsyncSession, async_sessionmaker, create_async_engine
+from sqlalchemy.orm import DeclarativeBase
+
+from app.core.config import settings
+
+engine = create_async_engine(
+    settings.database_url,
+    echo=settings.app_debug,
+    pool_size=10,
+    max_overflow=20,
+)
+
+async_session_factory = async_sessionmaker(
+    engine,
+    class_=AsyncSession,
+    expire_on_commit=False,
+)
+
+
+class Base(DeclarativeBase):
+    """SQLAlchemy ORM 基类。"""
+
+    pass
+
+
+async def get_db() -> AsyncGenerator[AsyncSession, None]:
+    """获取数据库 session 的依赖注入函数。"""
+    async with async_session_factory() as session:
+        try:
+            yield session
+            await session.commit()
+        except Exception:
+            await session.rollback()
+            raise
+        finally:
+            await session.close()

backend/app/core/security.py

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+"""安全模块：JWT 生成与验证、密码哈希。"""
+
+from datetime import datetime, timedelta, timezone
+from typing import Any
+
+from jose import jwt
+from passlib.context import CryptContext
+
+from app.core.config import settings
+
+pwd_context = CryptContext(schemes=["bcrypt"], deprecated="auto")
+
+
+def hash_password(password: str) -> str:
+    """密码哈希。"""
+    return pwd_context.hash(password)
+
+
+def verify_password(plain_password: str, hashed_password: str) -> bool:
+    """验证密码。"""
+    return pwd_context.verify(plain_password, hashed_password)
+
+
+def create_access_token(subject: str, extra_claims: dict[str, Any] | None = None) -> str:
+    """生成 JWT access token。"""
+    expire = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(
+        minutes=settings.jwt_access_token_ttl_minutes
+    )
+    payload: dict[str, Any] = {"sub": subject, "exp": expire, "type": "access"}
+    if extra_claims:
+        payload.update(extra_claims)
+    return jwt.encode(payload, settings.jwt_secret_key, algorithm=settings.jwt_algorithm)
+
+
+def create_refresh_token(subject: str) -> str:
+    """生成 JWT refresh token。"""
+    expire = datetime.now(timezone.utc) + timedelta(
+        days=settings.jwt_refresh_token_ttl_days
+    )
+    payload = {"sub": subject, "exp": expire, "type": "refresh"}
+    return jwt.encode(payload, settings.jwt_secret_key, algorithm=settings.jwt_algorithm)
+
+
+def decode_token(token: str) -> dict[str, Any]:
+    """解码 JWT token。"""
+    return jwt.decode(token, settings.jwt_secret_key, algorithms=[settings.jwt_algorithm])